Nano-technology and Nano-science

The latest and sensitive topic of new generation is nano-technology. Nano technology is the science ,engineering and technology conduct at nano scale i.e about 1 to 100 nano scale. Nanotechnology and nano science are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across the field of science like biology, chemistry, physics, math, engineering, and material science. It is hard to imagine that how small nano technology is. One nano meter is just equal to 10^-9 of a meter.  The father of nanotechnology was Physicist Richard Feynman .

It is one of the interesting topic of science and technology. It is involve in the ability to see and prevent individual atoms and molecule, Earth where we are surviving our life is made up of these small atoms for eg;- the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the building and house we live and our bodies too. We are not able to see some of small atom with our naked eyes. And also impossible to see with the microscope which we used in our high school science class. The microscope need to see nano scales thing were invented 30 years ago.

Application of nano technology .

Nano technology can be use in every sector related with science and technology as shown in the given figure.

a)Medical science 

Nanotechnology is used to treatment of disease.Nano-medical ranges from the medical application of nano-material and biological devices like biosensor and even future application of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines. Nano material can be useful for both vivo and vitro biomedical research and its application. And it lead to the development of diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy application and drugs delivery vehicles.

b)Nano biotechnology 

Nano biotechnology, biotechnology, nano biology are the terms derived from the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Its help us to biological research with various field of nanotechnology. Nano devices such as biological machines, nano particals, and nano scale are the biological term of nanotechnology.

c)Industrial 

 Nano technology is also used in industrial sector to easier their work. Its is used to easy to clean to scratch  resistant for example car bumper are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellent, sunscreen is more radiation resistant, cell phone screen are lighter weight and many more. Using of nano tech change all the electronic appliance of industries make smart through embedded wearable electronics.

How gate work

Logic gate

 The digital circuit which follows the logical relation between input and output voltages. Its system is depend in only two numerical input i.e. 0 or 1 here 0 refer to low and 1 refer to high. In this gate there is only one output for one or more than one input. There are different type of logic gate they are 

1) OR gate 

2) AND gate

3) NOR gate

4) NAND gate

1) OR gate
It is the logic gate which provide the high output if one of the input is high. It has two or more than two input and only one output. It can express as Z=X+Y.

Explanation of OR gate

The circuit diagram of OR gate using two diode D1 and D2 as shown in figure. A and B are input and Y is output. Here  0 potential mean 0 state and positive mean 1 state. The operation of OR gate is explained as follows:

• When A is 0 volt and B is also 0 volt then the diode D1 and  D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e   Z=X+Y=0+0=0.
• When A is 0 volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1  don't conduct D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode D2 as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=0+1=1.
•  When A is +5V volt and B is 0 volt then the diode D1 conduct current but D2 don't conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode D1 as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=1+0=1.

• When A is +5V volt and B is +5V volt then the both diode conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=1+1=1.

2) AND gate

 It is the logic gate which provide the high output if both the input is high. It has two or more than two input and only one output. It can express as Z=A.B

Explanation of AND gate

The circuit diagram of AND gate using two diode D1 and D2 as shown in figure. A and B are input and Y is output. Here  0 potential mean 0 state and positive mean 1 state. The operation of OR gate is explained as follows:

• When A is 0 volt and B is also 0 volt then the diode D1 and  D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e   Z=X+Y=0+0=0.
• When A is 0 volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1  don't conduct D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode D2 as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=0+1=1.
•  When A is +5V volt and B is 0 volt then the diode D1 conduct current but D2 don't conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode D1 as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=1+0=1.

• When A is +5V volt and B is +5V volt then the both diode conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e Z=X+Y=1+1=1.

3) NOR gate

 It is the logic gate which provide the high output if  both the input is low. It has two or more than two input and only one output. And the logic gate provide low output if both then input is high. Its work as shown in the given truth table. Its can be express as X = A+B.

Explanation of NOR gate

The circuit diagram of NOR using two diode D1 and D2 as shown in figure.A  and B are input and X is output. Here  0 potential mean 0 state and positive mean 1 state. The operation of NOR gate is explained as follows:

• When A is 0 volt and B is also 0 volt then the diode D1 and  D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e   X = A+B=0+0=1.
• When A is 0 volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1 and D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e X = A+B=0+1=0.
•  When A is +5V volt and B is 0 volt then the diode D1 and D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e X = A+B=1+0=0.

• When A is +5V volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1 and D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e X = A+B=1+1=0.

4) NAND gate

 It is the logic gate which provide the low output if  both the input is high and if one of the the input is low then its output is high. Its can be express as AB=A+B.

INPUT		OUTPUT
A	B	A NAND B
0	0	1
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

Explanation of NAND gate

 The circuit diagram of NAND gate using two diode D1 and D2.A  and B are input and Q is output. Here  0 potential mean 0 state and positive mean 1 state. The operation of NAND gate is explained as follows:

• When A is 0 volt and B is also 0 volt then the diode D1 and  D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e   AB=A+B=0+0=1.
• When A is 0 volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1 and D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e AB=A+B=0+1=1.
•  When A is +5V volt and B is 0 volt then the diode D1 and D2 conduct current hence there is flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is high i.e AB=A+B=1+0=1.
• When A is +5V volt and B is +5V volt then the diode D1 and D2 don't conduct current hence there is no flow of current through the diode as well as load resistance Rl. So output is low i.e AB=A+B=1+1=0.